Manila

Another thing that can be seen n the profile is that their number of SK and Kagawad is not that numerous. Half of the entire population of barangay is not registered voters, thus, unable them to fully benefit their right to choose leaders that would change the country. As our group interviewed and surveyed citizens there in the barangay, almost all of them agreed that the major problem of their community is the uncontrollable flood that theyVe been experience for so many years.Another problem that is relevant to their place is the gang wars and street fights that is happening during night-time hat can be dangerous to the innocent civilians of the place. II. Mandates, Function, Programs, Resources of Relevant Organizations The barangay knows exactly what problems does exist on their barangay. They provided some solutions to solve these problems, however, it is not enough to thoroughly solve them. One of their solution in case of the flooding of their place is to clean their canal regu larly with the help of MMDA (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority) and DPWH (Department of Public Works and Highways).Although these two government institutions Joined hands together to solve the problem of flooding, it is not enough to get rid of the problem. As other places surrounding the barangay raise their lands to avoid flood, the barangay becomes a catch basin of all flood that comes from these high-rise places. Gang wars and street fghts is inevitable to places that is full of out- of-school youth. Even if they are going to school, some of the students tend to Join to groups and gangs that would eventually lead to the destruction of their lives.These ghts are not resolved easily, and the members of each gang or group are composed of people who are below 18, thus, preventing these people to be imprisoned. However, by the Pangilinan law, these people involve in such cases are turned over to the DSWD (Department of Social Welfare and Development). Street fghts cannot also be controlled fully because of the lack of tanods, so the barangay recruited more tanods to watch and roam around the vicinity when nighttime comes. I Policy Recommendations and Action Plan For the policies that we gave, the first policy was about waste management.We proposed that there should be weekly cleanups to help maintain the cleanliness of the canals and the barangay itself. Our next policy was about the gang war in the barangay, we proposed that a curfew must be implemented to keep all the residence safe especially in our chosen barangay since most residents there are from opposing fraternities. We also suggested that they should add more tanods to help protect the barangay. There should also be at least a medical doctor and/or nurse to stand by in the barangay Just in case of accidents.Waste management is a solution that is simple yet difficult to fulfill and to do regularly as people are lazy to do such things like this but when in comes to littering the place, it is eas y for them to do. Discipline is important so by implementing waste management, people will get to learn about the proper decorum of throwing garbage. The people of the barangay must learn how to segregate different wastes and knows where to put these wastes. By knowing these things, less garbage maybe expected, and flood will not be expected anymore.Weekly cleanups of canals and the barangay itself is a must in order to maintain cleanliness of the place. This may be beneficial for everyone as they will not be exposed anymore to such sickness like dengue, malaria, and others. It is a step towards a green and eco-friendly environment. Also by this cleanup, wastes will not be clogging the canals anymore so that flood will be flowing smoothly. Curfew is implemented in every barangay in the Philippines, but this regulation does not fully monitor the people on the street when nighttime comes.Some of the eople who are going outside is under the age limit of the curfew, thus, the youth is i nvolved. By implementing stricter curfew, people of this barangay will be expected to their respective houses before 10:00 pm. The age limit of the stricter curfew is applicable to all ages, exception to this is when there is an emergency situation. To further monitor that the curfew will be successful, the barangay must deploy several tanods in every corner of the streets of the barangay.In case of emergency, it is essential and a must to have medical doctor or nurse to e in the barangay hall or hiring a resident doctor so that whenever there will be an emergency that needs medical attention, the resident doctor or nurse will respond immediately without going far.

History Essay

To what extent was England dominated by Spain and the serving of Spanish interests during the reign of Mary When Mary decided upon making Spain a close ally in 1554 through the marriage of herself and Philip II of Spain, she took special precaution to not give the superpower too much authority over England. Despite that Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, after they feared that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain, this fear in many cases came true. Philip viewed the marriage as entirely political and his second visit to England was clearly only due to wanting involvement in England, Spanish interests in England were helpfully reinforced through the marriage and Mary’s foreign policy, subsequently making England a Spanish pawn. However arguments to indicate that England was not dominated by Spain are also clearly noticeable, as Mary received her own advantages out of the marriage with Philip and assured Spain of the little authority Philip would receive through the terms of agreement. The marriage between Mary and Philip which he viewed to be entirely political and leaving Mary to defer heavily on Philip allowed him to also enjoy titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including acts of parliament were to be dated with both their names, parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple and coins were to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. As well as Philip as a figure receiving authority in England, other advantages also lead to Spain being able to use England for Spanish interests. Involving England in the Hapsburg-Valois conflict, they made England into a ‘submissive satellite around the Hapsburg power’; this finally led to the loss of precious Calais for England after there was limited assistance in defence of Calais. Philips coincidental investment in the English navy led to huge advantages as he could consequently use this for his own benefit, and his communication with the Netherlands. This could perhaps be seen as pre-planned by Philip and therefore strongly suggesting Spain was using England for its benefit wherever its interests lay. Other examples are obvious of Philip taking advantage of English involvement, and this can be seen at the Siege of St Quentin, where 5,000 Englishmen joined 70,000 Spanish. Philips forces broke through French defence and the English support was made to seem more important than it was, in fact English troops were not actually needed at all. Overall England can be seen as doing exactly as Spain wished and Spain doing as they thought themselves necessary, the English cleared the channel for Phillip as he wished and Philip only visited England when he required England’s involvement, the marriage appeared completely one sided as Mary showed reliance on Phillip and heavily on Spanish advisors. Alternative views can also be noticed, as England received huge advantages through the alliance with Spain and perhaps gained just as much if not more than Spain had. The marriage with Phillip increased Mary’s Spanish inheritance, Philip was heir to vast territories in continental Europe and the New World and upon marriage Mary became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem. It was obviously clear to Mary that she was in need of a husband and an heir, in this case Philip was providing both, he had already one son from his first marriage and this proved him a good breeder so subsequently benefited Mary hugely and her security in England. Alternative support and security was also established upon the alliance as Henry II had strong Scottish support he was always a threat to England as he wanted Calais, however Mary alone would seem an easy target, but aligned with Spain she appeared stronger. We must also notice that Mary’s tactical approach to the terms of the marriage agreement left her in a very safe position. If no heir was secured or Mary died, neither he or his heirs would have any claim to the throne of England, Philip was to receive the title of King and rule as joint sovereign but he had no sovereign authority. He could not promote foreigners to hold office in England but he must uphold the laws of England. Those in Spain felt that Philips honour had been disparaged and it’s probable that Philip felt the same, however Mary was left safe and secure with the ability to use Spain as she wished. Mary was able to secure England’s main commercial outlet with the Netherlands and could use Spanish help if necessary against political instability, overall English security increased hugely and the benefits were clearly noticeable, proving in fact England was not dominated by Spain and Spanish interests and Mary’s own interests were not left abandoned. In conclusion, both arguments provide fair points and an equal understanding of advantages and disadvantages for each monarch due to the Spanish alliance; however the view that England was a Spanish pawn is a weak one. It is obvious England played along with the serving of Spanish interests but Mary still upheld authority and power, she only behaved to Spanish wishes to keep the alliance strong and secure. This did not necessarily mean that England was dominated and under Spanish dependency. Mary had a necessity to marry and produce an heir, this was an expectation she was forced to follow, and subsequently Phillip filled this position and secured many other insecurities which needed to be attended. Consequently England possessed access to numerous things; Spanish inheritance, Charles V as an ally, England’s main commercial outlet with the Netherlands, access to Spanish Atlantic treasure and political stability. Overall England received increasing security and benefits from the alliance with Spain, proving England not to be dominated by Spain but using Spain to it’s advantage equally as much.

Human Multi-Tasking

Human multitasking is the best performance by an individual of appearing to handle more than one task at the same time. The term is derived from computer multitasking. An example of multitasking is taking phone calls while typing an email. Some believe that multitasking can result in time wasted due to human context switching and apparently causing more errors due to insufficient attention. Etymology The term â€Å"multitasking† originated in the computer engineering industry. [1] It refers to the ability of a microprocessor to apparently process several tasks simultaneously. 2] Computer multitasking in single core microprocessors actually involves time-sharing the processor; only one task can actually be active at a time, but tasks are rotated through many times a second. With multi-core computers, each core can perform a separate task simultaneously. The first published use of the word â€Å"multitask† appeared in an IBM paper describing the capabilities of the IBM Sy stem/360 in 1965. [3] [edit]Research on human multitasking Since the 1990s, experimental psychologists have started experiments on the nature and limits of human multitasking. It has been shown multitasking is not as workable as concentrated times.In general, these studies have disclosed that people show severe interference when even very simple tasks are performed at the same time, if both tasks require selecting and producing action (e. g. , (Gladstones, Regan & Lee 1989) (Pashler 1994)). Many researchers believe that action planning represents a â€Å"bottleneck†, which the human brain can only perform one task at a time. [4] Psychiatrist Edward M. Hallowell[5] has gone so far as to describe multitasking as a â€Å"mythical activity in which people believe they can perform two or more tasks simultaneously as effectively as one. Others have researched multitasking in specific domains, such as learning. Mayer and Moreno[6] have studied the phenomenon of cognitive load in mu ltimedia learning extensively and have concluded that it is difficult, and possibly impossible to learn new information while engaging in multitasking. Junco and Cotten examined how multitasking affects academic success and found that students who engaged in more multitasking reported more problems with their academic work. 7] A more recent study on the effects of multitasking on academic performance found that using Facebook and text messaging while studying were negatively related to student grades, while online searching and emailing were not [8]. [edit]The brain's role in multitasking Because the brain cannot fully focus when multitasking, people take longer to complete tasks and are predisposed to error. When people attempt to complete many tasks at one time, â€Å"or [alternate] rapidly between them, errors go way up and it takes far longer—often double the time or more—to get the jobs done than if they were done sequentially,† states Meyer. 9] This is lar gely because â€Å"the brain is compelled to restart and refocus†. [10] A study by Meyer and David Kieras found that in the interim between each exchange, the brain makes no progress whatsoever. Therefore, multitasking people not only perform each task less suitably, but lose time in the process. When presented with much information, the brain is forced to pause and refocus continuously as one switches between tasks. [10] Realistically, this is â€Å"a rapid toggling among tasks rather than simultaneous processing. According to a study done by Jordan Grafman, chief of the cognitive neuroscience section at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, â€Å"the most anterior part [of the brain] allows [a person] to leave something when it’s incomplete and return to the same place and continue from there,† while Broadman’s Area 10, a part of the brain’s frontal lobes, is important for establishing and attaining long term goals. [9] Fo cusing on multiple dissimilar tasks at once forces the brain to process all activity in its anterior. Though the brain is complex and can perform a myriad of tasks, it cannot multitask well.Another study by Rene Marois, a psychologist of Vanderbilt University, discovered that the brain exhibits a â€Å"response selection bottleneck† when asked to perform several tasks at once. The brain must then decide which activity is most important, thereby taking more time. Psychologist David Meyer of the University of Michigan claims that, instead of a â€Å"bottleneck,† the brain experiences â€Å"adaptive executive control† which places priorities on each activity. These viewpoints differ in that, while bottlenecking attempts to force many thoughts through the brain at once, adaptive executive control prioritizes tasks to maintain resemblance of rder. The brain better understands this order and, as psychologists such as Dr. Meyer believe, can therefore be trained to mult itask. [11] Because the brain is an expanse of yet uncharted territory, psychologists do not understand how the brain truly processes input and reacts to overstimulation. Some research suggests that the human brain can be trained to multitask. A study published in Child Development by Monica Luciana, associate professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota, discovered that the brain’s capability of categorizing competing information continues to develop until ages sixteen and seventeen.Perhaps if people are trained to multitask at an early age, they will become efficient at multitasking. A study by Vanderbilt University found that multitasking is largely limited by â€Å"the speed with which our prefrontal cortex processes information. † Paul E. Dux, co-author of the study, believes that this process can become faster through proper training. The research team found that with training, the brain can think and perform certain tasks more quickly, effectively allo wing time for another task. The study trained seven people to perform two simple tasks, either separately or together, and conducted brain scans of the participants.The individuals multitasked poorly at first but, with training, were able to adeptly perform the tasks simultaneously. Brain scans of the participants indicate that the prefrontal cortex quickened its ability to process the information, enabling the individuals to multitask more efficiently. However, the study also suggests that the brain is incapable of performing multiple tasks at one time, even after extensive training. [12] This study further indicates that, while the brain can become adept at processing and responding to certain information, it cannot truly multitask.People have a limited ability to retain information, which worsens when the amount of information increases. For this reason people alter information to make it more memorable, such as separating a ten-digit phone number into three smaller groups or div iding the alphabet into sets of three to five letters. George Miller, former psychologist at Harvard University, believes the limits to the human brain’s capacity centers around â€Å"the number seven, plus or minus two. † An illustrative example of this is a test in which a person must repeat numbers read aloud.While two or three numbers are easily repeated, shown in the beginning straight line, fifteen numbers becomes more difficult, as the line curves. The person would, on average, repeat seven correctly. [13] Brains are only capable of storing a limited amount of information in their short term memories. This ineffectiveness of the human brain for multitasking has been demonstrated in different studies. [14][15][16] Laboratory based studies of multi-tasking indicate that one motivation for switching between tasks is to increase the time spent on the task that produces the most reward (Payne, Duggan & Neth, 2007).This reward could be progress towards an overall task goal or it could simply be the opportunity to pursue a more interesting or fun activity. Payne, Duggan and Neth (2007) found that decisions to switch task reflected either the reward provided by the current task or the availability of a suitable opportunity to switch (i. e. the completion of a subgoal). A French fMRI study published in 2010 indicated preliminary support for the hypothesis that the brain can pursue at most two goals simultaneously, one for each frontal lobe (which has a goal-oriented area). [17] [edit]Continuous partial attentionMain article: Continuous partial attention Author Steven Berlin Johnson describes one kind of multitasking: â€Å"It usually involves skimming the surface of the incoming data, picking out the relevant details, and moving on to the next stream. You’re paying attention, but only partially. That lets you cast a wider net, but it also runs the risk of keeping you from really studying the fish. â€Å"[18] Multimedia pioneer Linda Stone coined the phrase â€Å"continuous partial attention† for this kind of processing. [19] Continuous partial attention is multitasking where things do not get studied in depth.Rapidly increasing technology fosters multitasking because it promotes multiple sources of input at a given time. Instead of exchanging old equipment like TV, print, and music, for new equipment such as computers, the Internet, and video games children and teens combine forms of media and continually increase sources of input. [20] According to studies by the Kaiser Family Foundation, in 1999 only 16 percent of time spent using media such as internet, television, video games, telephones, text-messaging, or e-mail was combined.In 2005, 26 percent of the time this media was used together. [11] This increase in media usage decreases the amount of attention paid to each device. Today 82 percent of youth use the Internet by the seventh grade, according to the Pew Internet and American Life Project. A 2005 surv ey by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that, while their usage of media continued at a constant 6. 5 hours per day, Americans ages 8 to 18 were crowding roughly 8. 5 hours’ worth of media into their days due to multitasking.The survey showed that one quarter to one third of the participants have more than one input â€Å"most of the time† while watching television, listening to music, or reading. [9] The 2007 Harvard Business Review featured Linda Stone’s idea of â€Å"continuous partial attention,† or, â€Å"constantly scanning for opportunities and staying on top of contacts, events, and activities in an effort to miss nothing†. [11] As technology provides more distractions, attention is spread among tasks more thinly. A prevalent example of this inattention to detail due to multitasking is apparent when people talk on cell phones while driving.Talking and driving are mutually exclusive because focusing on both the conversation and the road use s the same part of the brain. [citation needed] As a result, people generally become more concerned with their phone conversations and do not concentrate on their immediate surroundings. A 2006 study published in the Human Factors journal showed that drivers talking on cell phones were more involved in rear-end collisions and sped up slower than drivers intoxicated over the . 08% legal limit. [citation needed] When talking, people must withdraw their attention from the road in order to formulate responses.Because the brain cannot focus on two sources of input at one time, driving and listening or talking, constantly changing input provided by cell phones distracts the brain and increases the likelihood of accidents. [citation needed] [edit]Popular commentary on practical multitasking Multitasking has been criticized as a hindrance to completing tasks or feeling happiness. Barry Schwartz has noted that, given the media-rich landscape of the Internet era, it is tempting to get into a habit of dwelling in a constant sea of information with too many choices, which has been noted to have a negative effect on human happiness. 21] The idea that women are better multitaskers than men has been popular in the media. Recently, a study by British psychologist Professor Keith Laws at the University of Hertfordshire was widely reported in the press to have provided the first evidence of female multitasking superiority. [22] A formal research paper has yet to be published. In another study,[23] females were found to perform better at coordinating a primary test with a secondary test (p=0. 007), supporting this notion that females are better at multi-tasking.However, the authors concluded their tests may not reflect real life multi-tasking and that further research was required. Observers of youth in modern society often comment upon the apparently advanced multitasking capabilities of the youngest generations of humans (Generation Y and Generation Z). While it is true that c ontemporary researchers find that youths in today's world exhibit high levels of multitasking, most experts believe that members of the Net Generation are not any better at multitasking than members of older generations. 24] However, recent studies by Bardhi, Rohm, and Sultan argue that Generation Y is becoming better at media multitasking. This is evidenced by the fact that they are gaining control over deciding which messages they pay attention to or not. [25] Furthermore, while there is a great deal of evidence showing the negative effects of multitasking on cognitive tasks [26] [27] [28] [29] [30], there is no evidence showing that multitasking has a positive or neutral effect on these tasks. **Source: WIKIPEDIA (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_multitasking)

Cultural differences in treating and diagnosing mental illnesses Term Paper

Cultural differences in treating and diagnosing mental illnesses - Term Paper Example 142-143). The candidate must separate from his people and adopt estranged behavior as if preparing for his own death. He reaches the point where he has adopted a different identity as if born again. But the habits he then picks up may find him living near cremation sites and even eating dead flesh. Such behavior, accepted in India or Nepal, would be seen as outside the norm in the United States or Europe. Anthropologists look across cultures to determine what is social conformity and how personalities are evaluated and accepted within its range. There may be forms of mental illness or disorder occurring across culture. This may well be the case of schizophrenia, which seems to appear in other cultures and represent individuals with extreme delusions. Such individuals may hear voices which others don't hear and then go into extreme isolation or withdrawal from the trust of others (Haviland et al, p. 150). As explained below, other cultures may even treat schizophrenia different than A merican and European cultures. One concept of mental illness in the United States addresses such illnesses as psychosomatic ailments. These ailments indicate illnesses rooted in the mind that may not have direct and or obvious physiological causes. In the Euramerican tradition these illnesses may be treated under the biomedicine system. This system is based on the dualistic mind-body theory rooted in Western philosophy and psychology. The biomedicine system has been seen as an effective one in America. It has resulted in a large pharmaceutical industry that has virtually developed medication for all kinds of mental illnesses. Yet other cultures may approach psychosomatic ailments differently, reflecting their own healing systems. Immigrants or people from other countries in European and North American societies may respond differently to the cultural pressures of their new lands. They may also respond differently to the medication issued under the biomedical system. Other lands and cultures may not have such theories dominated by a scientific mind body bias. They may respond more to, for example, certain spiritual beliefs of their own cultures. Anthropologists have been investigating some of these cross cultural differences and may help eventually integrate the concept of biomedical approaches in the West with workable approaches from other countries. Culture bound Syndromes Researchers and anthropologists have noted examples of ethnic psychoses appearing specific to certain cultures. Sometimes referred to as culture bound syndromes, these forms of psychoses denote mental disorders that appear bound to unique combinations of environmental settings and cultural practices. They are specific to particular ethnic or cultural groups. In several places in Southeast Asian and Africa, some men suffer from koro, a belief that their genital organs are retracting back into their bodies (Watters, 2010). The feeling is extreme enough that some patients feel they may die du e to possible causes of too much sex or masturbation (Haviland et al). Certain Algonquian Indians have demonstrated the malady of falling into a trancelike state inducing fear in others that they are cannibals. Different cultures across the world tend to have their own specific maladies that are usually related to narratives and stories of their own countries. However, in this present day of mass market communication

The Gaps Left By Private Health Insurance Dissertation

The Gaps Left By Private Health Insurance - Dissertation Example Medical savings account evolved first in Singapore during 1984 as an alternative method of prepayment which is meant to address cost escalation caused by moral hazards (Mossialos and Dixon, 2002, p. 121). Medical Savings Account is a trust or custodial account for which a bank or an insurance company works as a trustee for the benefits of the individual or family (Prescott, 1998, p. 27). Medical savings accounts are savings accounts for individuals by which people are required to deposit money or are encouraged to deposit money. The money collected by medical savings accounts should be utilized solely for personal medical expenses (Mossialos and Dixon, 2002, p. 5). Medical savings accounts are considered to be tax-deferred because money contributed to medical savings accounts or money earned from unused balances are exempted from employee’s personal tax and these allow customers to save money for medical expenses. Either employer or employee keeps a portion of that part of the money which is spent on health insurance to the Medical savings account and the other portion is used for obtaining a catastrophic policy to cover medical expenses. Health Savings Account, a synonym for Medical savings account was created on December 2003 by a Medicare Bill signed by George W. Bush. It functions as a part of a high deductible health plan in America. It can be best viewed as Medical IRA because, Health savings account combines a health insurance plan with a tax-free saving account (Sedhom, 2008, p. 1) The medical savings account is based on the principle of self-reliance, because citizens are required to keep a portion of their income for saving purpose every month mainly for meeting their health care costs (Mossialos and Dixon, 2002, p. 121).

Personal Statement for residency programs post medical school Essay

Personal Statement for residency programs post medical school - Essay Example Here, I found my pre-medical courses much more challenging than any of the other studies I had previously done. I enjoyed the challenge and found great interest in the seemingly infinite amount of knowledge to be gained. With a growing interest in medicine, I then decided to shadow a number of surgeons. At first, I was fascinated to see the procedures in preparing for surgery. I was impressed with the structure in the operating room. Every detail was handled with absolute precision, ensuring the safety of the patient. I also found that patient care could be heart-warming and was able to envision the type of physician I could become. My next and most profound experience with medicine happened in 2002 during a volunteer medical mission trip to Ecuador. During the time I was there, we offered free medical examinations primarily to children. Some people came in with no complaints, leaving with vitamins and a greater sense of well-being. Others with more serious complications were appropriately sent to the primary hospital in north Quito. Everyone was treated with the utmost respect. They, in return, offered absolute graciousness, which made the trip all worthwhile. All of the volunteers were delighted to be of assistance.

Myth Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Myth Analysis - Essay Example Perhaps for its position as one of the earliest forms of surviving writing, the text represents one of the central in the field of myth analysis. This essay functions to analyze this myth through the theoretical lens of Smith who argued that myths follow rituals. In considering the nature of the Epic of Gilgamesh in terms of Smith’s lens it is difficult to clearly argue that the elements in the story were first ritualized, but their structural nature gives clues to this theory as an originary element. Throughout the epic Gilgamesh is shown going through a number of trials and tribulations that ultimately bring him to a higher state of self-knowledge and consciousness. This essay argues that these trials and tribulations represent the conglomeration of real life experiences, or rituals, that have been articulated within the construct of the myth as a means of demonstrating a sort of deeper structural dimension to the reality of the human condition. In these regards, the inspira tion of the story represents a sort of nebulous and abstract understanding of human nature that is placed into narrative form through its articulation in the myth. One of the central aspects in these regards can be witnessed in Gilgamesh’s relationship with Enkidu.

Merging Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Merging Companies - Essay Example It lasted till 1929. 1940 saw the mergers due to tax relief. The next wave came in the wake of booming economy and rising stock prices and lasted as conglomerate merger from 1965 to 1969. The fourth merger wave was of mega merges from 1981 to 1989 due to expanding economy, technical developments and international competitions. The strategic restructuring wave lasted from 1992 to 2000. It was again due to the expanding economy, rising stock prices, technical developments and globalization. An understanding of the market structure and the consumer behavior along with the motives for merger, the issues involved, valuation matters, the human resource angle and other related subjects will dictate the correct path to mergers and acquisitions. Both mergers and acquisitions are synonymous, however they have different implications. An acquisition takes place when one company takes over another company and becomes the new owner. The target company does not exist thereafter. The buyer runs the business, whose stocks continue to be traded. In a merger, two firms often of the same size decide to become one single new company; it is a merger of equals. In a merger the stocks of both the companies are surrendered and a new company stock is issued. A purchase deal will also be called a merger. If a purchase is hostile and the target company does not want to be purchased, it becomes an acquisition. The various types of mergers are given below. Horizontal mergers. Vertical mergers. Conglomerate mergers. Reverse mergers. Accretive mergers. Dilutive mergers. Why Mergers Happen Mergers take place due to variety of reasons. However it is primarily the growth, which dictates further strategy. A company can grow internally, but it is a slow and ineffective method. A faster method is to merge or acquire. The decisions are taken with the object of maximizing the wealth of the firm's shareholders. The motives for mergers are as given below. Growth Synergy Diversification Eliminate competition. Economies of scale. Acquisition of new technology. Improved market reach and industry visibility. Cutting costs Reducing taxes. Empire building. Oligopolies. Monopoly. Valuation Matters A company aiming to take over a target company must determine the worth of the company being acquired. Both sides will have a different prospect of the worth of the company. Target company will value at higher price. Purchasing company will value at lower price. The following seven steps will help in evaluation. Step 1. Analyze historical performance. Step 2. Forecast performance. Step 3. Estimate the cost of capital. Step 4. Estimate the cost of equity financing. Step 5. Arbitrage pricing model. Step 6. Estimating the continuing value. Step 7. Calculating and interpreting results, calculating and testing results and interpretingthe results with in the decision context. Some of the methods that can be used to evaluate the company are as given below. Comparative Ratio. Price/Earning Ratio (P/E Ratio). Enterprise Value to Sales

Marketing Research and Segmentation Problem Paper

Marketing and Segmentation Problem - Research Paper Example Therefore, it can be mentioned in a nutshell that the hospital caters to the general people with a wide range of medical facilities. Research A research on the consumers in the area surrounding the hospital would be carried out with the help of Value and Lifestyles (VALS2) and Potential Rating Index by Zip Market (PRIZM). VALS2 This tool for lifestyle analysis makes an endeavor to contour consumers by categorizing into three diverse orientation groups and they are principle oriented, action oriented and status oriented. Each of the categories is believed to be supported by two dimensions and they are resources as well as self-orientation. The orientation groups are then again sub-grouped into eight diverse lifestyle segments. These mentioned lifestyle segments are known as actualizers, fulfilleds or survivors, achievers, believers, experiencers, strivers, makers and strugglers. The medical facility or rather the hospital is assumed to be located in the United States (US) where the po pulation has been learnt to be alienated into three main consumer kinds as previously mentioned. The principle oriented individuals are the ones whose selection for services is presided over by their respective beliefs rather than their requirement for support from other individuals. The selections of the status oriented individuals are supposed to be guided by the support, action along with the views of the other individuals. The action oriented individuals are measured to be those who get stimulated by a desire for physical or even social form of activity, risk bearing and variety (Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2012). The believers and the fulfilleds have been stated to fall under the category of principle oriented individuals. The actualizers, achievers, strivers and strugglers are learnt to belong to the category of status oriented individuals. Lastly, the experiencers and the makers are clubbed in the category of action oriented individuals or segments. Therefore, the application of this particular model would effectively aid in segmenting the market for the needed kind of service (Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2012). PRIZM The other tool for assessing the lifestyle of the individuals for the intended service is the PRIZM. The intention of this mentioned tool is recognized to be the assessment of the geographic regions along with associating them with the consumption pattern. This form of assessment is supposed to be founded on the assertion that lifestyle as well as consumption remains principally guided by the demographic rudiments. An imperative step with regard to this form of assessment is the ascertainment of the proper base definition in order to appropriately match up with the accurate household base (Scarborough Research, 2012). Market Segmentation The target segment or rather the kind of individuals targeted for the medical facility or the hospital would be the principle oriented individuals and the status oriented individual s. The initial category of individuals are learnt to be quite well educated individuals who are either engaged with professional occupations or are retired. This implies that the age group can be ascertained from middle to higher that is from 40 to above 65 years of age. This particular segment would be the appropriate choice as the target patients for the intended medical facility owing to their age group. The individuals belonging

Questions on Psychology of Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Questions on Psychology of Aging - Essay Example The SOC theory "involves an orchestration of selection, optimization, and compensation." When an individual decides on the path or goal he wants to achieve, this process is called selection. "During ontogeny, there are several additional sources for selection: individuals and societies sample from a population of possibilities or opportunities (.), limited individual capacity in time and resources, incompatibility of goals and outcomes, and age-related changes. The activities he will do to hit the target is optimization. If the individual can no longer keep his goal he resorts in goal-relevant means to maintain success - this is compensation. An aging journalist who used to go on field for a daily beat applies the theory of SOC in continuously writing news stories (selection), he ensures that he meets with the right sources to beat his deadline and be able to deliver a good output (optimization), but old age hinders him from doing field work everyday, hence, he opted to have a bi-weekly column in a broadsheet to maintain his keenness and visibility in the world of news (compensation). 2. Schaie (1994) asked whether there are differences in life-course patterns for various intellectual abilities with age (i.e., whether different abilities show different trajectories with age). Briefly discuss the answer to this question based on his results (6 points). Also note when reliable decrements in intellectual ability are detectible (2 points) and what role cohort effects might play (2 points). Answer: In his study, K. Warner Schaie (1994), have shown that "there is no uniform pattern of age-related changes across all intellectual abilities, and that studies of an overall index of intellectual ability () do not suffice to monitor age changes and age differences in intellectual functioning for either individuals or groups." The uniqueness of human mind, as well as, cohort, and gender are among the factors that makes the non-uniform pattern of age-related changes in the IQ. The age of 60 is the usual retirement age in most countries. Schaie's study shows "decrements in most psychometric abilities" mostly occur at the age of 60 onwards. Regardless of the individual pathology or genetic factors, "reliable average decrement can be found for all psychometric abilities by age 74. Cohort, generation, or peers also affect an individual's intellectual ability. Although "() patterns of socialization unique to a given sex role is specific historical period may be a major determinant of the pattern of change in abilities." 3. Imagine that you are asked by congress to develop a nation-wide training program that would enhance older adults' cognitive functioning. Based on the results from the Schaie and Willis (1986) study, where they trained reasoning and spatial ability in older adults, would you tell congress that a training program would work (5 points) Why or why not (5 points) Answer: I would be very glad to recommend to the Congress a training program to enhance adults' cognitive functioning. Based on Schaie and Willis (1986) study, "inductive reasoning training help improve everyday problem solving ability, particularly for older adults in their late 70s or early 80s. In the present time where a lot of concerns arise, that even a primary pupil encounter various perplexing matters (classroom and family politics), a cognitive training would be of help. It will boost the future, as well as the present generation's

Free trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Free trade - Assignment Example The U.S. on the other side has increased the import of agricultural products to Canada and Mexico (Orme, 1996). The economic basis of trade is to exchange goods and services for currency. It will be abuse to common sense to purchase or rather get poor services in the name of saving our local industries from foreign competition yet we get poor services and goods. We would rather go for a specialist. Research shows American did well economically because they allowed free movement of goods across its neighbors. While Europe, because they are protecting themselves from their neighbors did not do quite well. I bought my nephew a play station made from China. China makes good toys for children. America produces good computers. We can, therefore, sell our computers to China as we buy their toys (Orme, 1996). Free trade has allowed Americans to import textiles from Mexico. My dress was made from Mexico. There are very few people wearing clothes made in America. There have been slogans saying that buy America keep your job. However, it is costly to put trade restrictions in order to save the local industries. The taxpayers pay more than those that have free trade. The benefit of buying American goods is that jobs are saved (Orme, 1996). Trade restrictions should only apply in cases where there is a violation of preservation rules. For example, food or agricultural products posing a danger to human life due to use of hazardous chemicals should be restricted. International trade does not stop competition or even cause unemployment (Orme, 1996). International trade enables countries to be able to have a look at different types of goods and compare them to theirs. It will challenge local industries to produce better goods and services in order to maintain their

Employment and Line Management Essay Example for Free

Employment and Line Management Essay †¢1.1 Communication is a vital thing in the workshop, it is very important so that jobs are done productively and correctly. If the communication in the workshop was poor mistakes would Begin to take place and accidents could occur. †¢1.2 The different methods of communication to the line management and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone and even letters. In busy circumstances its best to use the telephone as its time efficient instead of wondering around searching for people. †¢1.3 The different methods of communication to my and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone, letters and even hand signals. These are all helpful in different circumstances such as when its extremely noisy in the workshop and a person is on the other side of the workshop, hand signals would be best in that situation. †¢2.1 To plan my sequence of work from the relevant information I am given I find out what materials I require, what tools I need to assist me through the job and what PPE I need to protect me from the dangers. †¢2.2 When starting a new job I firstly look for any mistakes in the drawing, once I am satisfied I then carry on by finding out what materials I require to complete the job and then finally retrieve all of my tools that I need to assist me through the work process until I complete the job. †¢2.3 Work is carried out to the workshop using job plans, risk assessments and all other procedures. The resources that I use are job sheets, shop plans, time sheets and drawings. To reduce carbon emissions, there is an extraction system installed into the workshop. †¢2.4 The way our workshop contributes to a low carbon emission environment is that we have extraction systems built throughout the workshop to keep the emission levels at a low level. †¢3.1 The required relevant documentation that I provide is my time sheet. It shows the amount of hours I have spent on a job so that the consultants can then get a price to give to the customers. †¢3.2 I maintain my drawings and time sheets by keeping them in a locked draw. Time sheets are required to be filled in and complete every week and has to be submitted on a Monday morning before 8:00am. †¢3.3 If I do not ensure that my time sheets are not handed in on time, I will not get paid at the end of the week. With my job sheets, if it’s not complete within the given hours the customer has to pay more as the labour cost raises. †¢4.1 I am very able to work productively to the agreed specification and inline with the line management, colleagues and relevant people involved by finding out if they are pleased with the work produced and the quality. †¢4.2 I find that everyone is equal and that no one should be treated different. People tend to treat apprentices with less respect than others as they are not qualified and think they are not capable. Apprentice or not, people should not be treated different. †¢4.3 To maintain a good working relationship in my place of work I do the work that is asked of me and in the required time and in a good quality. With individuals I get on with them by being polite and cleaning after myself. †¢4.4 I think it’s good to keep a good working relation ship with the line management and colleagues as it doesn’t make it a challenge to talk to them or ask them for any information that is required. †¢4.5 Getting on with the line management and other working colleagues is important because it can make your time there difficult and non bearable. It also doesn’t make it a challenge when needing to ask for information or a specification. †¢4.6 When working with others you must never treat them any different than you would like to be treated. You should never talk down to people or think of them as lower than you.

Application of dc series motor

Application of dc series motor INTRODUCTION: Ø The essential features of a dc machine are :- Ø The stator has salient poles and is excited by one or more field coil. Ø The air-gap flux distribution created by the field windings is symmetric about the center line of the field poles. This axis is called the field axis or direct axis. Ø The ac voltage generated in each rotating armature coil is converted to dc in the external armature terminals by means of a rotating commutator and stationary brushes to which the armature leads are connected. o The commutator-brush combination forms a mechanical rectifier, resulting in a dc armature voltage as well as an armature-mmf wave which is fixed in space. o The brushes are located so that commutation occurs when the coil sides are in the neutral zone, midway between the field poles. o The axis of the armature-mmf wave is 90 electrical degrees from the axis of the field poles, i.e., in the quadrature axis. o The armature-mmf wave is along the brush axis. DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR A direct current (DC)motoris a simple electricmotorthat uses electricity and amagnetic fieldto produce torque, which turns themotor. A DCmotorrequires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as anelectromagnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque to theDCmotor. DC motors are divided into three classes, designated according to the method of connecting the armature and the field windings as shunt-series and compound wound.When a permanent magnet is positioned around a loop of wire that is hooked up to a D.C. power source. In order to make the loop of wire spin, we have to connect a battery or DC power supply between its ends, and support it so it can spin about its axis. To allow the rotor to turn without twisting the wires, the ends of the wire loop are connected to a set of contacts called the commutator,which rubs against a set of conductors calledthebrushes.The brushes make electrical contact with the commutator as it spins, andare connected to the positive and negative leads of the power source, allowing electricity to flow through the loop. The electricity flowing through the loop creates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet to make the loop spin. DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE An electric motor is a machine which converts electric energy to mechanical energy.Its action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by flemming left hand rule and whose magnitude is given by F=BIl newton. Where B is the field strength in teslas, Ic is the current flowing through the conductor in amperes and lc is the length of conductor in meters. WORKING OF DC MOTORS:- When the motor is connected to the dc supply mains, a direct current passes through the brushes and commutator to the armature winding while it passes through the commutator it is converted into ac so that the groups of conductors under successive field poles carry currents in the opposite directions. Also the direction of current in the individual conductors reverses as they pass away from the influence of one pole to that of the next. CONSTRUCTION :- DC motor consist of rotor mounted winding and stationary winding.In all DC motors , except permanent magnet motors, current must be conducted to the armature winding by passing current through carbon brushes that slide over a set of copper surfaces called a commutator , which is mounted on the rotor.The commutator bars are soldered to armature coils. The brush/ commutator combination makes a sliding switch that energize particular portion of the armature, based on the position of the rotor. This process creates north and south magnetic poles on the rotor that are attracted to or repelled by north and south poles on the stator, which are formed by passing direct current through the field winding. This magnetic attraction and repulsion that causes the rotor to rotate. ADVENTAGES OF DC MOTORS :- DC motors provide excellent speed control for acceleration and deceleration with effective and simple torque control. The fact that the power supply of a DC motor connects directly to the field of the motor allows for precise voltage control, which is necessary with speed and torque control applications.DC motors perform better than AC motors on most traction equipment. They are also used for mobile equipment like golf carts, quarry and mining equipment. DC motors are conveniently portable and well suited to special applications, such as industrial tools and machinery that is not easily run from remote power sources. SERIES MOTOR DIAGRAM The series motor provides high torque and is able to move very large shaft loads when it is firet energized.From the diagram we can see that the field winding in the motor is wired in series with the armature winding.This is the attribute that gives the series motor its name. Since the series field winding is connected in series with the armature, it will carry the same amount of current that passes through the armature. For this reason the field is made from heavy-gauge wire that is large enough to carry the load. Since the wire gauge is so large, the winding will have only a few turns of wire. In some larger DC motors, the field winding is made from copper bar stock rather than the conventional round wire used for power distribution. The square or rectangular shape of the copper bar stock makes it fit more easily around the field pole pieces. It can also radiate more easily the heat that has built up in the winding due to the large amount of current being carried. The amount of current that passes through the winding determines the amount of torque the motor shaft can produce. Since the series field is made of large conductors, it can carry large amounts of current and produce large torques. For example, the starter motor that is used to start an automobiles engine is a series motor and it may draw up to 500 A when it is turning the engines crankshaft on a cold morning.. The series motor can safely handle large currents since the motor does not operate for an extended period. In most applications the motor will operate for only a few seconds while this large current is present. OPERATION OF SERIES MOTOR Operation of the series motor is easy to understand. The field winding is connected in series with the armature winding. This means that power is applied to one end of the series field winding and to one end of the armature winding (connected at the brush). When voltage is applied, current begins to flow from negative power supply terminals through the series winding and armature winding. The armature is not rotating when voltage is first applied, and the only resistance in this circuit will be provided by the large conductors used in the armature and field windings. Since these conductors are so large, they will have a small amount of resistance. This causes the motor to have a large amount of current from the power supply. When the large amount of current starts to flow through the field and armature windings, it produces a strong magnetic field . Since the current is so large, it will cause the coils to reach saturation, which will produce the strongest magnetic field possible. OPERATING CHARACTERSTIC OF DC SERIES MOTOR Ø SPEED CURRENT CHARACTERSTIC. Ø TORQUE CURRENT CHARACTERSTIC. Ø SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERSTIC. SPEED CURRENT CHARACTERSTIC :- The mmf due to the exciting coils increases in direct proportion to the line or armature current, so the value of flux varies with the load current according to the magnetization curve.Due to the larger current the magnetic circuit gets saturated and flux à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ² tends to approach a constant value. From the speed equation , the speed is proportional to the back emf Eb and inversely proportional to the flux per pole à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ².With the increase in armature current voltage drop in armature circuit and series field [ I(Ra+Rse)] increases and back emf Eb decreases. Torque current characterstic :- Torque is directly proportional to the product of flux per pole à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ² and armature current Ia.Upto saturation point flux is proportional to field current and hence to the armature current, because Ia=If. After saturation point flux à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ² is independent of the excitation current and so that the current is proportional to the armature current i.e. T ÃŽ ± Ia .So the characterstic becomes a straight line.The useful torque is less than the total torque developed.This is due to torque lost in iron and friction and windage losses. SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERSTIC :- The speed torque characterstic also known as mechanical characterstic, sharply falls with the increasin torque for smaller value of load. But at higher load, the speed drops linearly but slowly with increasing torque. Hence series motors are best suited for services where the motor is directly coupled to the load such as fanswhose speed falls with the increase in load torque. SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR There is two method of speed control i.e. armature voltage control and flux control method. The voltage control can be from a variable voltage source like Ward-Leonard arrangement or by the use of series armature resistance. Unlike the starting conditions the series resistance has to be in the circuit throughout in the case of speed control. That means that the energy is lost in these resistors.These resistors must be adequately cooled for continuous operation. The variable voltage source on the other hand gives the motor the voltage that is needed by it and the losses in the control gear is a minimum. This method is commonly used when the speed ratio required is large, as also the power rating. Field control or flux control is also used for speed control purposes. Normally field weakening is used. This causes operation at higher speeds than the nominal speed. Strengthening the field has little scope for speed control as the machines are already in a state of saturation and large fie ld mmf is needed for small increase in the flux. Even though flux weakening gives higher speeds of operation it reduces the torque produced by the machine for a given armature current and hence the power delivered does not increase at any armature current. The machine is said to be in constant power mode under field weakening mode of control. constant flux mode with increased applied voltage can be used. For weakening the field, series resistances are used for shunt as well as compound motors. In the case of series motors field weakening is done by the use of diverters .Diverters are resistances that are connected in parallel to the series winding to reduce the field current without affecting the armature current. BRAKING OF DC MOTOR When a motor is switched off it coasts to rest under the action of frictional forces.Braking is employed when rapid stopping is required. The electric braking may be done for various reasons such as :- 1. To augment the brake power of the mechanical brakes. 2. To save the life of the mechanical brakes. 3. To regenerate the electrical power and improve the energy efficiency. 4. In the case of emergencies to step the machine instantly. 5. To improve the through put in many production process by reducing the stopping time. In many cases electric braking makes more brake power to the braking process where mechanical brakes are applied. This reduces the wear and tear of the mechanical brakes and reduces the frequency of the replacement of these parts. By recovering the mechanical energy stored in the rotating parts and pumping it into the supply lines the overall energy efficiency is improved. This is called regeneration. Where the safety of the personnel or the equipment is at stake the machine may be required to stop instantly. Basically the electric braking involved is simple. The electric motor can be made to work as a generator by suitable terminal conditions and absorb mechanical energy. This converted mechanical power is dissipated/used on the electrical network suitably. Braking can be broadly classified into: 1. Dynamic 2. Regenerative 3. Reverse voltage braking or plugging These are now explained briefly with reference to shunt ,series and compound motors. DYNAMIC BRAKING †¢ SHUNT MACHINE In dynamic braking the motor is disconnected from the supply and connected to a dynamic braking resistance RDB. This is done by changing the switch from position 1 to 2 . The supply to the field should not be removed. Due to this rotation of the armature during motoring mode and due to the inertia, the armature continues to rotate. An emf is induced due to the presence of the field and the rotation.This voltage drives a current through the braking resistance. The direction of this current is opposite to the one which was flowing . Thereforethe torque produced is reversed. The machine acts like a brake. The torque speed characteristics separate by excited shunt of the machine under dynamic braking mode for a particular value of RDB. The positive torque corresponds to the motoring operation. The dynamic braking of a shunt excited motor and the corresponding torque-speed curve.The machine behaves as a self excited generator.Below a certain speed the self-excitation collapses and the bra king action becomes Zero. †¢ SERIES MOTOR In the case of a series machine the excitation current becomes zero as soon as the armature is disconnected from the mains and hence the induced emf also vanishes. In order to achieve dynamic braking the series field must be isolated and connected to a low voltage high current source to provide the field.The motor is made to work like a separately excited machine. When several machines are available at any spot, as in railway locomotives, dynamic braking is feasible. Series connection of all the series fields with parallel connection of all the armatures connected across a single dynamic braking resistor is used in that case. †¢ COMPOUND GENERATOR In the case of compound machine, the situation is similar to shunt machine. A separately excited shunt field and the armature connected across the braking resistance are used.A cumulatively connected motor becomes differentially compounded generator and the braking torque generated comes down. If large braking torques are desired.there is necessary to reverse the series field REGENERATIVE BRAKING In regenerative braking as the name suggests the energy recovered from the rotating masses is back into the d.c. power source. Thus this type of braking improves the energy efficiency of the machine. The armature current can be made to reverse for a constant voltage operation by increase in speed/excitation only. Increase in speed does not result in braking and the increase in excitation is feasible only over a small range, which may be of the order of 10 to 15%. Hence the best method for obtaining the regenerative braking is to operate the machine on a variable voltage supply. As the voltage is continuously pulled below the value of the induced emf the speed steadily comes down. The field current is held constant by means of separate excitation. The variable d.c. supply voltage can be obtained by Ward-Leonard arrangement. Braking torque can be obtained right up to zero speed. PLUGGING The third method for braking is by plugging. method of connection for the plugging of a shunt motor. Initially the machine is connected to the supply with the switch S in position number 1. If now the switch is moved to position 2, then a reverse voltage is applied across the armature. The induced armature voltage E and supply voltage V aid each other and a large reverse current flows through the armature. This produces a large negative torque or braking torque. Hence plugging is also termed as reverse voltage braking. The machine instantly comes to rest. If the motor is not switched off at this instant the direction of rotation reverses and the motor starts rotating the reverse direction. This type of braking therefore has two modes i.e. 1) plug to reverse and 2) plug to stop. If we need the plugging only for bringing the speed to zero, then we have to open the switch S at zero speed. Plugging is a convenient mode for quick reversal of direction of rotation in reversible drives.During plugging it is necessary to limit the current and the torque, to reduce the stress on the mechanical system and the commutator. This is done by adding additional resistance in series with the armature during plugging. †¢ SERIES MOTOR In the case of series motors plugging cannot be employed as the field current is reversed when reverse voltage is applied across the machine. This keeps the direction of the torque produced unchanged. This fact is used with advantage, in operating a d.c. series motor on d.c. or a.c. supply. Series motors thus qualify to be called as Universal motors. †¢ COMPOUND MOTOR Plugging of compound motors proceeds on similar lines as the shunt motors. A cumulatively compounded motor becomes differentially compounded on plugging. The mmf due to the series field can over power the shunt field forcing the flux to low values or even reverse the net field. This decreases the braking torque, and increases the duration of the large braking current. To avoid this it may be advisable to deactivate the series field at the time of braking by short circuiting the same. In such cases the braking proceeds just as in a shunt motor. If plugging is done to operate the motor in the negative direction of rotation as well, then the series field has to be reversed and connected for getting the proper mmf. Unlike dynamic braking and regenerative braking where the motor is made to work as a generator during braking period, plugging makes the motor work on reverse motoring mode. REFERENCES: Ø http://www.solarbotics.net/starting/200111_dcmotor/200111_dcmotor2.html Ø http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Electrical_Machines_I/pdfs/2_8.pdf Ø http://www.engineersedge.com/motors/dc_series_wound_motor.htm Ø http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14177/css/14177_58.htm Ø http://www.most.gov.mm/techuni/media/EP_02021_4.pdf BOOKS Ø BASIC ELECTRICAL $ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING BY J.B.GUPTA. Ø A TEXTBOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BY B.L.THERAJA A.K.THERAJA

Capital Punishment Essay - Should the Death Penalty be Abolished?

Should the Death Penalty be Abolished? Everyone has different beliefs about the death penalty. Some people believe it is barbaric and inhumane to put someone to death who has been convicted, while others feel that the death penalty gives resolution to the victim's family and friends. The death penalty is used to punish criminals for the wrong they have done. However, I believe that killing a person to "punish" them is not enough. People cannot suffer and think about the anguish they have caused people if they are put to death. Keeping the criminals alive and doing manual labor for the rest of their lives, without parole, is a better method of punishment. The way the government is now, many criminals are sentenced to death and may remain on death row for many years. Our tax money is being used to keep these people alive while they are waiting to be put to death, and then more money comes out of our taxes to actually put them to death. In rare occasions, the government has accused the wrong person and the innocent person dies. The death penalty is irrevoca...

The Truth is Out There do we Wish to Know :: Free Essay Writer

The Truth is Out There do we Wish to Know The Heart of Darkness The search for truth and knowledge consumes us all at some point in our lives, but we don’t always find what we are looking for in Truth. We wish it to be definitive, but more than that, we search for it with the strong belief that we will find it and be pleased, pleasantly enlightened, and will live better lives for it. In Heart of Darkness, it is shown that this is seldom true. Kurtz was destroyed by the truth he discovered about himself and the world he lived in. He had known and believed a "white" truth about the world he knew. His white truth was one of civilized, genteel ideas and actions. Living amongst the privileged few, the artists, musicians, orators, and other cultured people, he knew nothing of the dark depths of the human heart. When confronted with those horrible realities, he was forced to learn the "black" truth about life and people. His mind couldn’t comprehend the truths he had to accept; it was totally contradicting to what he knew, and so he crumbled, selling his soul to sit among demons and devils. He was hollow inside, had no sense of moral or social responsibility, and the black truth he discovered ate away and destroyed him. He regressed to savage behaviors he had previously repressed and let the darkness fill the cold void within him. Because he knew so much blackness, he was unable to live in society again. He cros sed over and relinquished all ties to the civilized world, for he had lived the white truths to an extreme, so did he live the black truths. Kurtz showed what happens when the white truths and lies of society are taken away. Kurtz lived and found sustenance in that reality, when it vanished and was replaced by another, darker world, he folded. In our society, we live by restraint. For Kurtz in Africa, all the restraints were removed and he was allowed to have as much candy as he wished, even before dinner. This proved to be too much for him, he went to an extreme and was destroyed by the excesses he craved, the very excesses that drove him to the top of the tribes and peoples he conquered.

A Good Man is Hard to Find, by Flannery OConnor :: Good Man Is Hard to Find Essays

A Good Man is Hard to Find, by Flannery O'Connor In the short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, by Flannery O'Connor, every object including the characters are symbols. The Grandmother, who is the one and only dynamic character, represents all of us who have repented. The story is, as Flannery O'Connor has suggested a spiritual journey because of the Grandmother's Plight. In the beginning of the story the Grandmother is obsessed with everything worldly and superficial. She cares far too much about how others perceive her, "Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady" (O'Conner 138). She gets dressed up for a car trip so that, on the off chance that they would be in a car wreck and that in that wreck she would be thrown from the car and laying on the pavement, she would be happy because the people passing would think that she is a lady. This represents us as humans because daily we choose to be way too self-conscience. Think about females and make-up. Make-up is a perfect example of us caring a great deal about what others think of us. She is also very selfish in her endeavors. Instead of caring about what is best for the family, she wants to go to Tennessee because she has friends there whom she would like to see. There are three phases of thought for the Grandmother. During the first phase, which is in the beginning, she is completely focused on herself in relation to how others think of her. The Second Phase occurs when she is speaking to The Misfit. In the story, The Misfit represents a quasi-final judgment. He does this by acting like a mirror. He lets whatever The Grandmother says bounce right off him. He never really agrees with her or disagrees, and in the end he is the one who kills her. His second to last line, "She would of been a good woman," The Misfit said, "if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life," (O'Conner 152). might be the way O'Conner felt about most of us alive, or how she felt that God must feel about us.

Behavioral Health Services

Mental illness refers to any condition or disease affecting the human brain that has an impact on a person’s thinking, feelings, behavior, and his interaction with other people and his environment. The symptoms of mental illness vary from mild to acute, depending on the exact illness involved; however, if mental illness goes untreated, the individual affected often finds difficulty, or inability in coping with their daily activities in life (MedicineNet, 2008, para. 1).Physical illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes are commonly easy to diagnose via a simple blood test or a diagnostic examination. This, unfortunately, is not the case with mental illnesses. The doctor would have to rely on the symptoms of the individual (e. g. how long they have been present, how severe they are, etc. ) and conduct a physiological examination to gather further information or to verify their initial diagnosis (National Institute of Mental Health, 2005).Although mental illnesses cannot be p revented, they can be treated using medications and various forms of therapy. Deinstitutionalization The deinstitutionalization of mental health patients during the 1960s was enforced to close down the operation of state mental institutions and was first believed to be a win-win situation for everyone—the conservatives wanted to cut costs, and the liberals envisioned the freedom of the residents of these institutions whom they believe are being treated involuntarily (Failer, 2002).However, disaster resulted from this movement. Huge numbers of obviously mentally-ill individuals materialized on the city streets. These individuals were dirty, wearing torn clothing, having hallucinations and talking to themselves or yelling at others, and on the whole, acting in a weird manner. Majority of the discharged patients were transferred to nursing homes, deteriorating neighborhoods, proprietary homes, and low-cost housing. The patients confined in nursing homes increased from 19-44% fro m1950 to 1970 (Kramer, 1975).Particularly affected by the nursing home conditions were the elderly who received short shrift because they were not admitted to custodial institutes and for months, they were forced to stay in acute care centers waiting for placement in cheaper and more suitable institutions. Also, a huge percentage of the discharged patients had nowhere to go because they no longer had families, or their families did not want to take them in. Deinstitutionalization resulted in the hindrance in the continued care and treatment of the mentally ill. Integrated Health CareMental health services are integrated into primary health care services as doing otherwise implies a number of disadvantages. Without mental health providers, there would be no one to conduct diagnostic, capacity, cognitive, and personality assessments for differentiating normal body processes from adjustment reactions, medication side effects, pathology, or a blend of these problems. Also, behavioral an d mental health problems would not be properly diagnosed and treated. Mental health experts are also needed as their expertise would contribute to the design, execution, and assessment of patient outcomes and team care.Depending on the degree of illness of the mentally-ill patient, other health and social services might be needed. Some simply needs a place where they would not accidentally hurt themselves. Others may just require therapy. Some need a place where there are people who will see to it that they are taking medication properly. Some mental illnesses are associated with physical illness, emphasizing the need for primary health care services. Some need social services such as vocational rehab, family support groups, and day care centers. Behavioral Health Services Mental illness refers to any condition or disease affecting the human brain that has an impact on a person’s thinking, feelings, behavior, and his interaction with other people and his environment. The symptoms of mental illness vary from mild to acute, depending on the exact illness involved; however, if mental illness goes untreated, the individual affected often finds difficulty, or inability in coping with their daily activities in life (MedicineNet, 2008, para. 1).Physical illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes are commonly easy to diagnose via a simple blood test or a diagnostic examination. This, unfortunately, is not the case with mental illnesses. The doctor would have to rely on the symptoms of the individual (e. g. how long they have been present, how severe they are, etc. ) and conduct a physiological examination to gather further information or to verify their initial diagnosis (National Institute of Mental Health, 2005).Although mental illnesses cannot be p revented, they can be treated using medications and various forms of therapy. Deinstitutionalization The deinstitutionalization of mental health patients during the 1960s was enforced to close down the operation of state mental institutions and was first believed to be a win-win situation for everyone—the conservatives wanted to cut costs, and the liberals envisioned the freedom of the residents of these institutions whom they believe are being treated involuntarily (Failer, 2002).However, disaster resulted from this movement. Huge numbers of obviously mentally-ill individuals materialized on the city streets. These individuals were dirty, wearing torn clothing, having hallucinations and talking to themselves or yelling at others, and on the whole, acting in a weird manner. Majority of the discharged patients were transferred to nursing homes, deteriorating neighborhoods, proprietary homes, and low-cost housing. The patients confined in nursing homes increased from 19-44% fro m1950 to 1970 (Kramer, 1975).Particularly affected by the nursing home conditions were the elderly who received short shrift because they were not admitted to custodial institutes and for months, they were forced to stay in acute care centers waiting for placement in cheaper and more suitable institutions. Also, a huge percentage of the discharged patients had nowhere to go because they no longer had families, or their families did not want to take them in. Deinstitutionalization resulted in the hindrance in the continued care and treatment of the mentally ill. Integrated Health CareMental health services are integrated into primary health care services as doing otherwise implies a number of disadvantages. Without mental health providers, there would be no one to conduct diagnostic, capacity, cognitive, and personality assessments for differentiating normal body processes from adjustment reactions, medication side effects, pathology, or a blend of these problems. Also, behavioral an d mental health problems would not be properly diagnosed and treated. Mental health experts are also needed as their expertise would contribute to the design, execution, and assessment of patient outcomes and team care.Depending on the degree of illness of the mentally-ill patient, other health and social services might be needed. Some simply needs a place where they would not accidentally hurt themselves. Others may just require therapy. Some need a place where there are people who will see to it that they are taking medication properly. Some mental illnesses are associated with physical illness, emphasizing the need for primary health care services. Some need social services such as vocational rehab, family support groups, and day care centers. The Managed Care ApproachOn the whole, managed care involves paying for what is â€Å"adequate† and what is â€Å"medically necessary†, using the cheapest alternative. The Center for Mental Health Services (CHMS) outlines its possible benefits and drawbacks: Advantages 1) Better facilities, with more proficient medical professionals. 2) Expanded alternatives, consisting of support services and treatment options. 3) Money saved may be used for making health insurance cheaper. Disadvantages 1) Patients with long-term mental illnesses may require not just short-term acute care (the preferred alternative in managed care).2) The symptoms of the patient may worsen if hospitalization is denied without offering options for intensive care. 3) Difficulty in protecting confidentiality. 4) Difficulty in the continuity of care for patients who receive short-term treatments at different locations. Mental Health Care Funding The three governmental sources that provide benefits for mental health care include Medicare, Medicaid, and the Department of Veteran Affairs. The following outlines the populations eligible for these programs. Note, however, that these are the ‘basic’ descriptions of who are eligible. Eligibility would still depend on various specific factors and criteria. Medicare Eligible populations include: – individuals aged 65 and above, – individuals under age of 65 with certain disabilities, and – individuals with End-Stage Renal Disease, regardless of age (US Department of Health and Human Services). Medicaid Eligible populations include certain low-income individuals who qualify for an eligibility group recognized by the laws that vary according to state (US Department of Health and Human Services). Department of Veteran Affairs.Eligible populations include veterans actively engaged in one of the seven uniformed military services. If a veteran has been discharged from the military, he/she can still be eligible if the discharge was not due to dishonorable service (GovBenefits. gov). Recommendations 1) Have primary health care practitioners undergo mental health training or instigate collaboration with mental health experts. This allows primary health care practitioners to attend to the health needs of mentally-ill patients, and the mental health needs of patients with chronic or infectious diseases.2) Develop a system for identifying the exact need of the mentally-ill patient before he/she is admitted. Incorporate clinical and behavioral assessments to determine whether the patient needs medication, counseling, therapy, or a combination of these. 3) Develop and provide rehabilitation programs, therapies, and counseling for the patients and their families and friends. 4) Develop recording systems that permit the continuous supervision, assessment and updating of the patients’ mental health activities to gather data that would be used for service improvements. References Failer, J. (2002).Who qualifies for rights? Homelessness, Mental illness, and Civil Commitment. Cornell University Press. GovBenefits. gov. VA – Health Care – Basic Medical Benefits Package for Veterans. Retrieved August 14, 2010 from http:// www. govbenefits. gov/govbenefits_en. portal? _nfpb=true&_pageLabel=gbcc_page_category&_nfls=false&bid=303&mode=report Kramer, M. (1975). Psychiatric Services and the Changing Institutional Scene. Rockville, Maryland. MedicineNet, Inc. (2008). Mental Illness Basics. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. medicinenet. com/mental_illness/article. htm National Institute of Mental Health.(2005). Information about Mental Illness and the Brain. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://science. education. nih. gov/supplements/nih5/mental/guide/info-mental-a. htm The Center for Mental Health Services. Managed Mental Health: What to Look For – What to Ask. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from http://mentalhealth. about. com/library/ken/blmmh. htm US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicaid Program – General Information. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from http://www. cms. gov/MedicaidGenInfo/ US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare Program – General Infor mation.

Growth and Development of Brassica rapa Plants Essay

Intraspecific competition is a widely regarded principle mechanism in the structuring of communities and has an influence in the spatial dispersion of organisms such as plants. Knowing this, the authors designed an experiment to observe and understand the effect of intraspecific competition using Brassica rapa, operating under the precept that when the plant is grown in an limited space environment, the plants will grow quickly and will be able to produce offspring in a faster more efficient way. Utilizing a two-treatment group set-up where B. rapa plants were grown in either a low density set-up (2 seeds only) or high density set-up (10 seeds), the researchers found that a low density set-up had several advantages over the high density set up, with plants having higher prop survival and flower production. Thse findings supported the idea that limited space will affect the high density environment, allowing the seeds grown in a low density environment to flourish more effectively. Effect of Intraspecific Competition on Growth and Development of Brassica rapa Plants Introduction Intraspecific competition is a widely regarded principle mechanism in the structuring of communities (Abramsky and Sellah 1982). In fact, intraspecific competition is known to occur between members of the same species competing for shared, limiting resources such as food and space. Further more, intraspecific competition has an influence in the spatial dispersion of organisms such as plants (Mcginley 2008). Scientist have longed tried to determine whether competition exists between or within species and what effect it has on its survivability and reproduction rate. It is a known fact that plants that are grown in high density areas only have one choice: allocate the limited resources and grow rapidly (Siemens,et al. 2002) lest the organism fail to thrive and survive. It then becomes apparent that information gained from this area of study will have significant applications outside of the field of botany. In a time where reforestation and rehabilitation is a major issue, knowledge on intraspecific competition can help shape the success of efforts on plant-life conservation. To further study this mechanism, the researchers developed an experimental set-up that evaluated intraspecific competition among plants. Using space as the experiment’s limiting resource, species of B. rapa were cultivated in two treatment groups and observed for the effects of intraspecific competition. Space is often viewed as a major limiting resource for sessile organisms since taking away another’s space eliminates its ability to acquire food (Vance, 1984, p. 1354). The plant specie B. rapa was selected as the treatment model of choice since the specie is known for being an ideal experimental subject due to their small size, ease of cultivation and short life cycle. The main objective of the experiment was to observe and understand the effect of intraspecific competition on B. rapa due to limited space. The experiment operated under the main hypothesis that when the Brassica rappa plant is grown in an environment with limited space, the plants grow quickly and is able to produce offspring in a faster more efficient way. On the other hand, the null hypothesis for this experiment was that the limited space will not play a role in the growth and reproduction of B. rappa. Lastly, the alternative hypothesis for the experiment was that limited space will affect the high density environment, allowing the seeds grown in a low density environment to flourish. Materials and Methods For the experimental set-up, two treatment groups were created. One group was classified as Low density and was comprised of two Brassica rappa seeds while the second group was classified as High density and consisted of 10 Brassica rappa seeds. Controls determined for the experiment included light source, temperature and water while the considered variables included the biomass of the seeds, the mean biomass of the seeds, the number of pods and the number of flowers each plant produced. The experiment was conducted over a six-week period where data collection recorded the number of survivors per treatment group. The number of pods, flowers and pollinated flowers were also recorded. In the last two weeks of the experiment, treatment groups were harvested and mean height was recorded. The plants were then dried and the roots and forage material weighed to determine biomass. Seeds were then separated. Data gathered from the experiment were treated using t-tests and Oneway Analysis utilizing treatment means and standard deviations. Results After cultivation of B. rapa in the two treatment groups, the researchers determined the following data using Oneway analysis and t-tests. Results showed that the mean probability or survival per treatment were 0. 839683 [SD 0. 267817] in the low density set-up and 0. 732283 [SD 0. 262515] in the high density set-up (Appendix A) revealing a slight survival advantage in favor of the low density set-up. On the other hand, the mean height per treatment were 13. 5956 [SD 5. 33474] and 13. 1550 [SD 6. 63392] for the low density and high density set-up respectively (Appendix B) indicating that plants in both set-up flourished equally in terms of height most likely due to non-competition for light source which was a controlled variable. The mean number of flowers per treatment group was 2. 61684 [SD3. 55681] for the low density set-up and 1. 56520 [SD 1. 72971] for the high density set-up (Appendix C) indicating that the low density treatment group achieved higher performance indicated by being able to reach the reproductive stage more effectively. These values are closely mirrored by the mean number of pods per treatment group which showed that the low density set-up had a mean of 2. 04356 [SD 2. 55931] while the high density set-up had a mean of 1. 68122 [SD 2. 14201] (Appendix D) again reflecting a more successful reproductive course (successful pollination). Additionally, the mean values obtained for the number of seeds per plant were 5. 18258 [SD 8. 53005] for the low density set-up and 3. 65687 [SD 4. 70787] for the high density set-up (Appendix E) further solidifying the idea that plants in the low density group were able to flourish much better compared to the high density group. In terms of mean seed biomass, the low density set-up had an average mean of 0. 005624 [SD 0. 011844] which was lower in comparison to the high-density setup which had a value of 0. 006139 [SD 0. 014367] (Appendix F). The mean root biomass obtained were 0. 028744 [SD 0. 099737] for the low density set-up while the high density set-up had an obtained mean value of 0. 021542 [SD 0. 037141] (Appendix G). Lastly, the mean biomass per treatment group values obtained for the experiment were 0. 063467 [SD 0. 097980] for the low density set-up and 0. 069773 [SD 0. 110127] for the high density set-up (Appendix H). Biomass is supposedly a good measure of fitness or how well the plant flourished since the amount of living tissue is said to be regulated by resource availability, i. e. space (Franco & Kelly, 1998, p. 7830). Discussion Data gathered from the two treatment groups indicated that the low density group demonstrated certain advantages over the high density group. In both the areas of surviving prop [t=4. 555, DF=503. 608, p=. 0001] and mean plant height [t=0. 814, DF=471. 852, p=0. 416], the low density group scored higher on average compared to the high density treatment group. The same can be said in the measures for mean number of flowers, pod and seeds where the low density treatment group also had higher average means in comparison to the high density group. These findings supported the idea that plants in the low density group flourished more effectively in comparison to plants in the high density group. Additionally, a significant difference in the number of flowers produced [t=4. 168, DF= 352. 016, p=

Renault Nissan Partnership

The most important problem facing the Renault Nissan Partnership, Inc. is that both sides—Renault and Nissan—may soon face their own blend of internal problems. These problems, when taken from both parties and when merged or when analyzed from the overall perspective of the partnership, will most likely result to misinterpretations and, consequently, misunderstandings thereby undermining the whole purpose of the partnership. This eventually affects the general performance of the partnership as it divides and sets apart the two companies. The most probable set of recommendations that can be given to the Renault Nissan Partnership is for both sides to essentially take into account all the possible angles that will explain the problems that beset the other party. That is, an understanding and awareness of the other side’s problems should be given proper importance because both companies are involved in a partnership and that the welfare of one significantly contributes to the welfare of the whole. This should be the first consideration that the Renault Nissan Partnership should give full attention essentially because the very essence of the partnership would be undermined. Once this happens, the performance of the partnership will be affected as well which manifests at least in terms of the productivity rate and overall image of the partnership. Another is that the good relations of the involved parties in the partnership will also be affected. It leads to the possibility of a split-up where either one or both of the parties may disengage from the partnership. Another recommendation is that the Renault Nissan Partnership should anticipate possible discrepancies in terms of production so as to preempt the occurrence of one or, at the least, allot enough time for the partnership to address or to be able to resolve the impending crisis as soon as possible. Internal problems can be resolved through the early exposition of predicted problems thereby creating enough time between the occurrence of the predicted problem and the current timeframe. This expanse of time should be used in order to formulate sets of solutions as early as time permits. Last but not the least, when the partnership is faced with drawbacks from either sides, it should be the case that both should not leave-out the other party and, instead, provide substantial assistance in order to uplift the business relationship and lessen the impact of the problem to both Renault and Nissan. This assistance can take many forms depending upon what the existing situation necessitates or on what the nature of the problem is. In essence, the business partnership should all the more be strengthened during times of financial or internal difficulties and that the real test of the Renault Nissan Partnership rests on these unwanted instances. One can balance commitments to shareholders and commitments to the community by setting certain priorities depending on the context of the existing situation. That is, if the situation necessitates that the commitment towards the shareholders outweighs the commitment towards the community, it should be the case that one should choose the shareholders. On the other hand, the opposite case should be maintained thus suggesting the very idea of setting priorities according to the degree of importance as necessitated by the situation. On another note, when one is faced with the commitment towards the community or to the shareholders, it must be the case that one ought to give full attention to the needs of the concerned party in order to equalize everything when the time that the other side or party is also the one that should be committed with. In essence, setting priorities plays a key role in maintaining the balance between the levels of commitment towards the community and the shareholders. References Culpan, R. (2002). Global Alliances in the Automobile Manufacturing Industry. In Global Business Alliances: Theory and Practice (pp. 126-136). Westport, Conn: Praeger. Hoed, R. v. d., & Vergragt, P. J. (2005). Technology changes and industrial responses: changes in fuel options for the fuel cell automobile in the automobile industry. In K. Green, M. Miozzo & P. Dewick (Eds.), Technology, Knowledge and the Firm: Implications for Strategy and Industrial Change (pp. 149). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Â  

Interdependence: Cellular Respiration and Pic

INTERDEPENDENCE IN NATURE Many of the relationships between organisms in nature are those of dependence. Whether it be a deer breathing oxygen produced by a nearby tree or a tick sucking the blood of its unsuspecting host, every organism depends on another organism in some way. [pic] Molecules and Cells †¢ Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration [pic]Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophs convert solar energy into the chemical bond energy of glucose (C6H12O6). CO2 + 12H2O + solar energy ——-> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 [pic]Cellular respiration is the process by which autotrophs and heterotrophs convert the chemical bond energy of glucose into the usable bond energy of ATP. Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Anaerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 ——-> 2 EtOH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP (Alcoholic Fermentation) C6H12O6 ——-> 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP (Lactic Acid Fermentation) The oxygen by-product of pho tosynthesis is used in aerobic cellular respiration by all aerobic organisms. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released following aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation (one form of anaerobic cellular respiration) and is then used by autotrophs during photosynthesis. Thus, these are reciprocal processes. Glucose is produced by autotrophs during photosynthesis. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs break down the glucose to form ATP during cellular respiration. Energy, therefore, is transferred between the autotrophic and heterotrophic levels. Autotrophs are dependent upon heterotrophs only for CO2. All heterotrophs are dependent, either directly or indirectly, on autotrophs for energy, but only aerobic heterotrophs are dependent on autotrophs for oxygen (O2. ) [pic] †¢ Enzymes and Substrates [pic]The rate at which a reaction occurs is dependent upon the concentration and/or volume of enzymes and the concentration and/or volume of substrates. †¢ Water [pic]Every organism in nature is dependent on water for survival because all chemical reactions take place in water. [pic] Heredity and Evolution †¢ Sporophyte and Gametophyte Generations pic]In mosses, the sporophyte grows directly out of and becomes nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. †¢ Flowers and Their Pollinators [pic]Flowers depend upon pollinators for the success of their reproductive cycles and insects depend upon flowers for nectar. †¢ Phenotypes [pic]The characteristics of an organism are determined both by the combination of its genes as well as the organism's environment. (multifactoria l inheritance) [pic] Organisms and Populations †¢ Symbiotic Relationships [pic]Symbiosis is any relationship between individuals of two different species. There are several types of symbiotic relationships: ? Cooperation – both individuals benefit, but are independent of each other ex: oxtail birds and gnus The gnu is covered with tiny parasites that provide the bird with food and in return, the oxtail bird keeps the gnu free of parasites. ? Mutualism – both individuals benefit and are dependent upon one another ex: lichen = alga and fungus The alga performs photosynthesis and the fungus absorbs water and minerals as well as provides anchorage. Commensalism – one indvidual benefits and the other is unaffected ex: barnacles attach themselves to marine mammals such as manatees and whales [pic][pic] The marine mammals provide a moving substrate on which the barnacles may attach while the mammals remain unaffected. ? Amensalism – one individual is harmed and the other is unaffected ex: Spanish moss Spanish moss grows on trees and chokes out virtually all light going to the tree. While the Spanish moss remains unaffected, the tree does not receive enough light to perform an adequate amount of photosynthesis to survive. ? Competition – both individuals are harmed ex: rabbit and a mouse [pic][pic] The rabbit and the mouse compete for the same herbaceous plants. ? Predation – one individual benefits and the other is harmed ex: coyotes preying on rabbits ? Parasitism – one individual benefits and the other is harmed ex: a leech sucking the blood of its human host †¢ Pollution pic]With the increasing industrialization of the world, comes much pollution. Fossil fuel burning has released tremendous amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. This excess of CO2 in the atmosphere traps solar energy in the form of heat. This effect is called the Greenhouse Effect. In addition, deforestation of the tropical rainforests has decreased the sink for CO2, thus augmenting the situation. The subsequent increase in atmospheric temperature is known as global wa rming. [pic]Sulfur and nitrogen oxides are produced almost exclusively by human activities. The combination of these compounds with water vapor in the air, creates acid. Acid rain has far-reaching effects on all aspects of life. Not only does acid rain severely damage the leaves of plants, but it also changes the pH of bodies of water. Such drastic changes gravely affect life. [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic] About This Site ; Library ; FAQ ; 7,000+ sites by kids for kids [pic] Privacy Policy Terms of Use [pic][pic]